The science and history of chilli peppers: an introduction for amateur chilli heads

From the bell pepper in your salad, to pepperoncini flakes on pizza, smoked paprika in paella or a pinch of chilli powder in a curry, the chilli pepper, be it spicy or not, is a staple of day to day cooking. How did chillies spread around the world? And, what’s the difference between a bell pepper and a habanero? What makes some chillies spicier than others, and why, when eating spicy do we feel euphoric, and not just in pain?

Chilli peppers: a brief history

Despite them being traditionally used in many cuisines around the world today, chilli peppers originated in Mesoamerica. They were brought to Europe and the rest of the world during the Columbian Exchange, in the 15th century. While pepper was only available to the high society, chillies were often the spice of the poor.

Today, their use and commonality varies based on the region and climate. For example, countries with a hot climate, such as India, Malaysia and Thailand tend to use chillies more than those with a moderate or cool climate. This is because bacteria strives in the heat, and chillies have great…